Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Beauty Taste and the Sublime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Beauty Taste and the Sublime - Essay Example Beauty has evolved into a freedom for expression. Contemporary art, especially questions the paradigms (fixed standards and canonical/classical examples) for judging aesthetic values (art that has a "moral" and ethical message and that is pleasing to the senses), with artists like Chapman Brothers or Justin Novak producing artwork that are clearly meant to provoke reactions and challenge notions of beauty, that had it's roots in Kant's "Critique of Judgment" (1790). It contemplated on the "pure" aesthetic experience of art consisting of a "disinterested" observer, pleasing for its own sake and beyond any utility or morality. Now, the very word 'pleasing' may have different boundaries and contemporary art is trying to escalate their claims. If Marcel Duchamp made a fountain out of a urinal in 1917, that hurtled the Dadaist movement and that later amplified into a surrealist tendency (where artistic expressions concentrated on revealing the amoral (un) consciousness of man/woman) there by looking into primitive art for such unconventional (or grotesque) subconscious inspiration, to help reveal the complex mental process, then the essential motivation behind the whole thing was subversion or countering basic notions of the human mind, and experiences. It became imperative for artists to reveal truth in a very graphic and straightforward fashion, and that was to become the fractured beauty of later avant-garde arts. If primitivism was motivating a new dimension by which beauty of the mind was revealed, then Picasso completely subjectified art and personal experience into a fourth dimension and created a cubist movement to claim a break down of a canon that no longer held on to techniques, symbols and least of all - universal criteria for judging the value or end of art. There are many socio-ideological forces behind the same and the destructive World Wars had many reasons to question the notions behind the traditional idea of Beauty, and it addressed the subjective, transcendental and alienated psyche of modern man and art became a pursuit of revealing the mysteries of the mind that was not always beautiful. Metaphysical hopelessness (with questions about the existence of God, and the pain of the war) gave way from beauty to absurdity, while the meaninglessness of man/woman's 'Being', made beauty dissolve into grotesqueness, either by derision or by the light of their tragic truth. Beauty vanish ed from the expressions of art, at least the classical expressions of it, but was re-born with a new makeover: grotesque beauty. What makes the question more intriguing is that, whether contemporary art has found a better form of beauty (constructed to please and create a certain discursive paradigm) in the grotesque, since it frees us from any moral

Sunday, October 27, 2019

The Ethiopian Revenue And Customs Authority

The Ethiopian Revenue And Customs Authority Before I identify the extent to which the Ethiopian revenue and customs authority move from a gatekeeper style of compliance management to a more risk-based management style, it is necessary to coat the key objectives of the authority. The key objectives of the authority are commonly facilitation, control and then achieving an appropriate balance between trade facilitation activities and regulatory controls. Thus, the authority has been implementing different risk- based management styles to apply efficient and effective controls in order to fulfill the responsibility to collect revenue, implement trade policy ,safeguard the public ,manage the increasing international trade and tourism, reduce custom personnel and offer trade facilitation to legitimate traders, travelers and carries. The ultimate objectives of the authority is creating compliance and voluntary tax payer and collecting tax and duty from the economy by applying legitimate and modern tax system. If so, the authority bel ieves that it is must to have techniques styles which are- risk based compliance management rather than gatekeeper style of compliance management to achieve the above objectives of the authority effectively and efficiently. Thus, the authority is applying different risk based compliance management techniques from time to time. Especially, since the authority introduced business process re-engineering to reform its controlling techniques from gatekeeper compliance management to risk based compliance management styles. Then, it necessary to define why need manage risk? The concept of organizational risk refers to the possibilities of events and activities occurring that may prevent an organization from achieving its objectives. Such as providing the international trading community with an appropriate level of facilitation, and ensure compliance with the organizations laws such as licensing requirements , valuation provisions ,rules of origin duty exemption regimes, trade restrictions and security regulations, as well as the potential failure to facilitate international trade. Thus, like any other organization, the authority need to manage its risks. This requires the systematic application of management p rocedures designed to reduce those risks to ensure that its objectives are achieved as efficiently and effectively as possible. This leads the authority to reform its management styles to risk- based compliance management style from gatekeeper compliance management styles. As a whole, the authority reforms all most all its managing styles from the traditional gatekeeper management style to risk based compliance management styles. The authoritys managing styles are characterized by identification of potential risks with resources being directed towards high risk areas and minimal intervention in similarly identified low risk areas. Relatively the pre business process reengineering reformation, authoritys managing style was characterized by indiscriminate custom intervention or a regime of 100% checks. Similarly, payments of duties and other taxes are a pre requisite for customs clearance and such clearance is invariably withheld until all formalities and real-time transaction checks completed. This compliance managing style was a gatekeeper managing style in which the authority was using as managing style for so many times till the authority internalized business process reengineering to all its organizational structure and administration style as a who le. The Authority has been changing its a compliance management styles to risk based management from the traditional 100 percent document check and physical examination except with too much rare random and arbitrary of the authority intervention which could not characterized the authorities a compliance management style to be gatekeeper style. Thus, it is possible to estimate the authority to what extent does it move from gatekeeper style of compliance management to a more risk based management style. The authority internalized different new risk based management approaches to its managing style for its effective and efficient objective achievement. Before I define the different new approaches applied by the authority, it is necessary to define the two styles of compliance management. The first one is the risk based compliance management style which characterized by the identification of potential risks, with recourses being directed towards high risk area and minimal intervention in similarly identified low risk areas in order to deliver legitimate, moderate and fast service to traders, collect the revenue effectively and efficiently, facilitate the transaction and safeguarded the public. Thus, such regimes adopt strategies that break the nexus between physical control over goods and a traders revenue liability, and permit customs clearance to be guaranteed prior to the arrival of ergo. Whereas the gate keeper style of compliance management style is characterized by indiscriminat e customs intervention or a regime of 100 percent cheek. Similarly payment of duties and other taxes is a pre request for customs clearance under the gate keeper model and such Clearance is invariably with held until all Formalities and real-time transaction checks are completed. If such style of compliance management is used as a key techniques of compliance management in the current time, in which the trade volume and complexity is increasing rapidly, the authority could not be efficient and effective in different purposes, such as trade facilitation, delivery legitimate and moderate client service, safeguard the public and collection of revenue. This is the key reason to the authority to reform its compliance management style from gatekeeper compliance management style to risk based management style. From the new approaches of compliance management applied by the authority some are listed below. A. Self assessment: in which the value add tax (vat) registered trader declare its input tax and output tax to the authority monthly In a way that the trader keeps its own financial recorders during his /her transaction and then declared to the authority in order to pay if there is tax payable and to forward credit or refund if there is credit according to the tax and duty regulations and laws of the authority. Here the focused point is not the self declaring but the system by itself is risk based compliance management style because if the authority is uncertain with some points of the traders declaration or if there are a potential risks with trader, the authority assure the uncertainty or risk through Audit by the authoritys auditors. If we look this against the risk based compliance management pyramid it leads us to the compliance assessment that could help the authority to facilitate the day to day transaction of the traders and the need to control the traders and the trade itself, and also it could identify information of compliance and non compliance being the authority gather different financial recordings from the trader as a result this could help the authority to select potential risks, low risks and compliance or non-compliance profiles. The other point is that the authority could investigate (audit) the industry, traders, manufacturers, importers and whole salers when they are suspected. B, Applicable dates for determination of duties and taxes:-The applicable date for determining customers duties and taxes is as follow:- For goods imported: the date when the customers declaration is accepted. This by itself could assure pre arrival assessment, clearance and fast release of imported goods during their arrival in custom control which could be classified in to risk based compliance management style because the authority could intervene if there is any potential risks with arrived goods before release is approved. For goods carried by passengers: the date of customs clearance. This could compare with the risk based compliance management pyramid it leads us to client service in which the client could get fast and immediate service by the authority accompanied by cooperation and consultation of the authority to the client. The authority expected to deliver fast and legitimate client services. But it has not to be risky to the authority revenue collection and the public security. In such cases the authority gives the service based on the risk level of the imported goods by the passenger. C, Administrative settlement of custom offences:- The authority settle custom offences, other than those relating to contraband or involving above 25% or birr 500,000 of the payable duties and taxes, administratively by taking due account on the nature of the offences and their impacts on the interests of the public and government. According to this, custom offences administrative settlement the authority keeps the importer profile to identify the intention of the offences by the importer if it is deliberate or not in a way that risk based management to identify compliance and non-compliance to enforce non-compliance using administrative discretion. According the profile of importers offences, the authority levies different administrative actions starting from persuasion- formal warning-penalty with regard their difficulties, offence times and if or not the importer committed the offence deliberately. The administrative settlement of custom offence in the authority start to contribute a remarkable result to the import and export facilitation of the country, revenue collection of the government and prepare a profile that could help to identify compliance and non-compliance. An appropriate legislative frame work is an essential element of any regulatory regime, because the primary role of custom is to ensure compliance with the laws as identified in the above pages regardless of the compliance management approach that it is supporting, the legislative frame work must provide the necessary business law for the achievement of the range administration has chosen to adopt. For ex sample, an appropriate bases in law mast exist to enable customs to break nexus between its physical control over internationally trading goods and revenue liability (that is, custom duty and other taxes) such goods may attract. This does not necessary imply, however, that such differentiation must be explicitly addressed in relevant statutory provisions. For example, if legislation itself is silent on the relationship between customs control over cargo and revenue liability sufficient scope is likely to exist for administratively flexible solutions to be implemented. underpinned by relevant legal provisions , the various elements of administrative and risk management frame work employed by customs essentially reflect the underlying style of compliance management being pursued by the administration with an increasing use of risk management principles as the administration move away from traditional, risk averse gatekeeper style of compliance management to more risk based approach. The available technological frame work represents an enabler that, while not critical to the achievements of a risk management style, service to significantly enhance an administration ability to adopt such styles. Thus, the authority applies a technological information system centrally to reform the traditional gatekeeper style of compliance management which the legislative base provides for a one size fits all approach compliance management to a risk based management style in which the legislative base provides for a flexible and tailored solutions to enable relevant risk management administrative strategies to be implemented. The legislative base recognizes responsibilities for both government and the trading community in achieving regulatory compliance. This could provide logical frame work for demonstrating how various types of risk based strategies, including non enforcement strategies such as self assessment, may be used to effectively manage compliance. Fundamentally to this approach is the need to provide the commercial sector with the ability to comply with custom requirements. This involves establishing an effective legislative base and an appropriate range of client service strategies,(including effective guidelines).Such strategies are necessary to provide the commercial sector with the means to achieve certainty and clarity in assessing liabilities and entitlement. This is the reason why the authority is reforming its means of communication electronically from the traditional way of communication. Thus, this could also recognize res pective responsibilities of government and industry of the country and sanctions for non compliance. From the technologies that the authority internalized to its organizational structure is tin integration system which is the one and the moderate technological advancement that could help the authority to give the tin number to all registered clients similarly and use to have different supporting information of the trader, importers, whole seller, enterprises and other business entities country wide. This could minimize different level of risk that could appear in the gatekeeper compliance management style relatively. Such technological advancement provides the trading community with electronic as well as paper based reporting, storage and authentication. Such previsions could enable regulators to relay on commercially generated data to the greatest extent possible. As well as appropriate communications and information technology to provide for automated processing and clearance ar rangements. Regulators could achieve maximum integration with commercial system of the country that the authority needs to facilitate transactions as much as possible. The authority is applying different new approach of compliance management style to its operational and administrative structure to achieve the above specified key objectives of the authority. It could be said that the authority is getting a point full results by applying the above specified new approach of compliance management that aimed to reform traditional gatekeeper style of compliance management to risk based management style is almost organizational wide working approach for different purposes supposed by the authority . Even though some drawbacks are occurring with applying the new approach of compliance management, the authority is working day to day to reform its compliance management approach as much as possible. From this it is possible to estimate to what extent does the authority moved to adopt risk based compliance management styles and applying different new approach of compliance management style through organizational reformation. To conclude, in assessing the level of compliance, custom should encounter two situations: compliance and non compliance. The non compliance spectrum ranges from innocent mistakes blatant fraud. If the errors near to the fraudulent end of the spectrum, some form of sanction will need to apply, including administrating penalties or in more several cases, prosecution and license revocation. Before determining the need for or nature of, a sanction, however, it is important to identify the true nature of the risk by establishing why the error has occurred. For example, the error may be the result of a control problem within the company due to flawed systems and procedures or it may be the result of a deliberate attempt to defraud. It also may be that the relevant legislation is unclear or the administrative requirements are ambiguous. The type of mitigation strategies that custom should employe to ensure future compliance will depend on the nature of the identified risk. Unless the error is fraud to be international, it may be appropriate to address systematic problems within the company or to provide the company with advice on compliance issue or provide formal clarification of the law and regulations of the authority through binding rulings or other means. In this regard it is important to recognize that different solutions will be required to address honest mistakes on the one hand, and deliberate attempts to evade duty on the other. Effective risk management is central to modern customs operations, and provides the means to achieve an appropriate balance between trade facilitation and regulatory control. To manage risk effectively, the authoritys administration must gain a clear understanding of the nature of risks to the achievement of its objectives and device practical methods of mitigation those risks. Finally, there needs to be a demonstrated commitment from the highest level of the organization structure to support the transition to risk based approach compliance management.

Friday, October 25, 2019

Imagery In Macbeth :: essays research papers

The Role of Imagery in Macbeth If a picture tells a thousand words, than imagine the importance of an image upon a play such as Macbeth. In any literary work, it is extremely important that the author can effectively manipulate a reader's feelings towards a character. In Macbeth, that feat is accomplished magnificently by Shakespeare. Through his skillful use of imagery, Shakespeare shows us a deeper look into the true character of Macbeth. Though imagery is widespread throughout Macbeth, it is most dominant in clothing imagery, light and darkness imagery, and blood imagery. Through these images, Shakespeare shows the development of Macbeth's character. Using clothing imagery, Shakespeare develops Macbeth's character. This is evident, as, imagery of clothing shows us Macbeth's ambition and the consequences thereof. We see this ambition, through Banquo, when he says, "New honours come upon him, / Like our strange garments, cleave not to their / mould but with the aid of use." (Shakespeare, Macbeth I, III, 144-146), meaning that new clothes do not fit our bodies, until we are accustomed to them. Throughout the entire play, Macbeth is constantly wearing new clothes (titles), that are not his, and do not fit. Hence, his ambition. This ambition, as we see, is what leads to his demise. When Macbeth first hears the prophecy that he will be King, he does not see how it can be so, "to be king / Stands not within the prospect of belief" (I, III, 73-74). However, Macbeth's ambitious nature becomes visible when he considers murdering King Duncan to claim the throne, "If it were done, when 'tis done, then 'twere well / I t were done quickly" (I, VII, 1-2). His ambition is encouraged by Lady Macbeth, of whom attempts to convince him to commit this crime, and lay claim to the throne. He is reluctant however, as Macbeth states, "I have bought / Golden opinions from all sorts of people, / Which would be worn now in their newest gloss, / Not cast aside so soon" (I, VII, 32-35). Macbeth compares being recently named the Thane of Cawdor to a new set of clothes. He believes that he his not ready to be king, and thus not ready for a new set of clothes. He states that the clothes that they have should be worn for a little while longer. However, Lady Macbeth convinces Macbeth otherwise, and he proceeds, and murders King Duncan.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Promote good practice in handling information in health Essay

1. Understand requirements for handling information in health and social care settings 1.1 Identify legislation and codes of practice that relate to handling information in health and social care There are several legislations and codes of practice that relates to handling information. Data protection Act 2008 is a law that protects personal privacy and upholds individuals rights. This Act gives rights to the people the information is about, data subjects puts obligations on the people who held information, data controllers, non-compliance is a criminal offence. The freedom of information Act 2000 is the Act that gives you the right to ask any public body for all information they have on the chosen subject. Unless there’s a good reason, the organisation must provide information within 20 days. The care quality commission also apply rules and regulations that need to be followed. Now they have the legal right to close a home down if it doesn’t follow the procedures. Any information that you write about an individual has to be fact and written in clear, readable writing. You also have to sign and date everything that you write. 1.2 Summarise the main points of legal requirements and codes of practice for handling information in health and social care The main points are, to keep any information on a need to know basis, to hold any information shared to you as private and confidential, unless the service user tells people himself, or says otherwise. Do not discuss anything in earshot of other people, keep everything under lock and key. There are 8 enforceable principles and they are: Fairly and lawfully processed, processed for limited purposes, adequate and relevant and not excessive, accurate, not kept longer than necessary, processed in accordance with the data subject’s rights, kept secure and finally, not transferred to countries without adequate protection. 2. Be able to implement good practice in handling information 2.1 Describe features of manual and electronic information storage systems that help ensure Apart from what i have mentioned in the question below, manual systems, which are paper type records, for example, text, photos, X-Ray, hand written notes or comments, etc, these require to be out of general view when in use and locked away when not in use or attended. Lockable filing cabinets, locked rooms and special vaults and safes can also be used. Electronic records can be protected by password access to the computer, to the folder, to the file. Some systems allow access to anything electronic by only authorised personnel based on employee number or similar. Some computers are not connected to the internet to avoid the risk of intervention. Movement of data should require that the data is first encrypted so if intercepted cannot be viewed. 2.2 Demonstrate practices that ensure security when storing and accessing information We use what we call an electronic vault, which is a system that stores the data that is imputed into a secret file and can only be seen by management with a secure password. Anybody who wants the info has to ask the manager and she works on a need to know basis. Also care plans, Mars sheets and any document relating to one of the service users is locked away until it needs to be used. This ensures confidentiality and who gets to see them. We even keep information away from family and friends. The thing we say to them is, if the individual wanted them to know, then they will tell them. 2.3 Maintain records that are up to date, complete, accurate and legible It is important to keep records which are up to date to provide accurate, current, full and correct information concerning the condition and the care required for all individuals. All records which are produced weather written  or electronic must be signed and dated; they must also be stored correctly in accordance with that data protection act 1998. It is vital that records are kept up to date, as this ensures that the individual’s needs are being met and may also help to reduce the likelihood of abuse. If an organisation failed to keep up to date records about their service users then this could lead to serious concerns being raised and could also lead to their company reputation being damaged. Service users must be told about any changes made within their personal records and care plan files. Effective record keeping by health care workers can also ensure that a high standard of health and social care is being provided within the working environment. All information written in files must be clear and relevant and must never be discussed outside of a work, as this would again breach the customer confidentiality law, the law also states that if it’s not written down, then it never happened, so this is yet another reason as to why it is so important to keep up to date records, regarding an individual’s general health and well-being. All information recorded must be fact and not guess work or ideas. 3. Be able to support others to handle information 3.1 Support others to understand the need for secure handling of information This is all in the confidentiality training that everybody does. I would teach newbies how to handle information, why it has to be kept confidential, eg legislation, laws etc and show them the effect that mistrust can have on not only us, but the service user as well. The secure handling of information in an organisation is often vital. In health care settings there are numerous regulations for us to follow to safeguard the confidential and security of data. To support new employees on this vital task during orientation the policies and procedures should be gone over as well as examples scenarios to help drive home the topic. Think of the obvious. Explain how you tell new staff about this and describe what you do if you find a colleague has left confidential documents lying about, do you remind them why records should be kept securely or do you just put the records away and not say anything? 3.2 Support others to understand and contribute to records Let’s say a new work colleague might have some new ideas on how to support someone, instead of thinking she just goes and puts the new ideas in place herself without asking her supervisor. The proper way would be to have a meeting, discuss it and if new ideas are being put into place, then guidelines or support plans would need to be updated so things can be changed. So this is where you need to explain how she should have dealt with it, contributing is putting it down on records which are the support plans etc.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Gothic Architecture

The fall of the Roman Empire and the events that occurred in Europe leading up to the Middle Ages (has) have had a lasting effect on architecture and design today. The enduring values of medieval art and architecture can be split up into five major styles, early Christian, Byzantine, Islamic, Romanesque and Gothic. The most influential period was the Gothic, which is known for its significant change from classical architecture; this change from classical architecture aided in the Gothic era's transformation to its own identity.The Medieval period is known for its constant airfare and battle, and most people feared death and eternal damnation; the Catholic Church gained its wealth and power through people's fear. Due to the high level of religious devotion during this time, it is evident that church leaders, such as the Pope had more power than Kings and Queens. Even serfs wanted to maintain a relationship with God, so they paid small fees to be part of the church. Scott, page 149) Ca thedrals and churches were sacred spaces, an escape from the hardship and brutality of life, indicating that religion during this time was the most important influence in medieval culture, art, and architecture. It is evident in the monumental cathedrals and churches. Many argue that art and design weren't important during Medieval times. It is evident, however, through careful observation of monumental cathedrals and churches built during the early Middle Ages that the time period cherished art and design, rather than disregarded it.Religion was the most central aspect to life, and the intricate and divine detail included in these places of worship, such as the Notre Dame Cathedral show that art and design was very much appreciated. During the time of the Roman Empire, soldiers protected the middle and lower classes until it fell. The law then no longer protected the individuals, so they turned to the Lords to keep peace and protection. Thus began a period of time called the middle ages and the start of feudalism, which existed for over a century.Everyone's life was lived out against a backdrop of fear; fear of violence, bloodshed, brutality, fear of starvation, fear of dying, and fear of ones fate in the afterlife. Famine and sickness were major factors in death during this time, considering they depended on ropes and agriculture to prosper, and the cold climate led to less food on their plates and nothing to sell at the market. Even when food was abundant, serfs still lacked a dependable source of essential vitamins, leaving them weak and vulnerable to death.Their water was polluted and there were no sanitation systems, which often led to epidemics. They lived in hovels that were poorly wood constructed shelters that had no indoor heating; no windows to bring in natural light and generally caught fire. (Cantor, page 383) Their only defense against living in these harsh environments was elision; faith in God was their only hope for salvation in the after lif e. People also believed when misfortune struck, whether in the form of fire, drought, famine, and war, that they had failed God. Constantine the Great was considered to be the last great emperor of Rome.Although his reign was before the middle ages, he played an important transitional role in history through his recognition of Christianity, which became the prominent religion in Europe until the Reformation. Due to the fact that civilization survived in such harsh living conditions, the Christian faith brought everyone together in a more positive light and shaped their lives from birth to death; their purpose on earth was to serve god, who was above them. Humanism wouldn't make its presence known until the beginning of the renaissance, which was not until a century later, and society was Just adhering to the norm.Following the norm gave them great security, physically and emotionally. In any society that thrived for protection from the harshness of life through religion, people look ed to however could secure your happiness in heaven; this person had the most political and cultural power. The Roman Catholic church was the supreme power during the Middle ages, and the laws of the land and leading roles of government were all in the hands of church leaders such as bishops and archbishops. The Pope was considered the most powerful, as he was God's representative on earth.Although priests and kings had their individual responsibilities from the church, priests had a commitment to God, to communicate with him on behalf of the people, handing down Gods rules of conduct, where as the King was responsible for the people to adhere to those rules of conduct; he was noninsured God's Solider. The king had lords and nobles who served him, controlling the land in exchange for protection of the serfs, villains or peasants. To maintain such an operation, one might have as many as 500 serfs in his household, while those lower on the social scale might have an average of 70.Sinc e the church had extensive land holdings, it had great leverage in structuring feudalism (Blackmore, Robbie, page 68). The definition of feudalism is, â€Å"A political and economic system of Europe, based on the holding of all land in fief or fee and the resulting relation of rod to vassal and characterized by homage, legal and military service of tenants, and forfeiture. † (Cantor, page 164) Feudalism is known for its negative connotation; however, it still gave people a reason for salvation, and aided in their interest in a higher existence.Feudalism put fear in society's eyes, yet funded the construction of the cathedrals, which ironically had the opposite effect. Cathedrals were one response to the unsettling conditions of such a feudal society, but also became powerful and emotional masterpieces bringing the image of heaven to earth. These places of worship would serve to the lower classes and became city landmarks, a place where the village could experience solidarity. Together cathedrals and the cities they resided in would prosper. Having centered themselves in the heart of the town, places of worship brought people from the countryside to the center of the city (Scott, page 69). Unlike the more classical based architecture that came before it, the Romanesque style, Gothic architecture was built with excess. The Gothic characteristics strove for extreme proportions and dimensions; this created new structures to heighten the buildings, as well as improving window sizes to bring in enough light. Gothic architecture had wider windows and doors than those of Romanesque buildings.According to their understanding, â€Å"light is a substance, yet it differs from other substances through its ability to penetrate glass or precious stone without splitting them† (Hovercrafts, page 51). The flying buttresses, pointed arches, ribbed vaults, soaring ceilings, and stained glass windows characterize gothic design, making it functional, yet dramatically appealing. They clearly understood the importance of light, and how bringing that element into the building changed people's perceptions and attitudes. Notre Dame Cathedral is one of, if not the most profound example of gothic architecture.Construction of Notre Dame began under the direction of Maurice De Sully, Bishop of Paris in 1163. Geometric proportioning was fundamental for gothic design, which also led to the flying buttresses. When Notre Dame started its construction the walls were so thin, that arches on the exterior had to support the vertical and narrow proportions. The flying buttresses were not originally exposed and didn't become acceptable until the end of the 12th Century. Cathedrals during this time were competing to be the tallest, which symbolized wealth and power (Scott, peg 94). Geometric proportion was indeed a constant preoccupation in the middle ages,† (Gridlock, page 14) and this created a whole new style for the nave and an increase in the size of the stain glass windows. This cathedral's high alter was consecrated in 1189, and the nave was finished around 1196. The west faded of Notre Dame was completed between 1225 and 1230. The west faded displays an important characteristic to the gothic style, the rose window, which has many efferent conceptions on its significance.Relating back to the Romans and the culls centered upon the Pantheon in Greece, some view it as the symbol of the sun, and God, also as its original form a flower which represents Mary, and lastly, heavenly Jerusalem, which is known to be a round city (Hovercrafts peg 50). Not only did the window symbolize god, but also the shape of the building as well, The Latin Cross was the architectural shape of the building, as if God was looking down from heaven recognizing their faith. The towers topping the west faded were completed around 1250.It took over 200 ears to complete, taking into consideration the climate, need for materials and transportation, labor, and warf are. A tremendous amount of effort implies the importance the cathedral had to the population. Abbot Surer believed, â€Å"everything that is most precious should be used above all to celebrate†. Abbot Surer was an influential leader during his time and patron of the arts. He was a classmate and friend to the future King Louis VI, who later appointed him Abbot of church Saint-Denis (Cantor, page 398 ).His duty was to enhance the stature of the church Saint-Denis, and under his power the church was renovated so rustically that it has become the first example of the Gothic style also known as the â€Å"heavenly capital†. Light was the primary source of faith and divine inspiration, opening up the dark Romanesque walls and cramming it with aisles and replacing the clerestory windows with stained glass. Stained glass is another important element to the cathedral's design; one of the oldest surviving stained glass windows dates back to 1065, and can be found in the Cathedra l of Sagebrush in Germany. (Cantor, page 397) www. Sobs. Rag Popular designs depicted scenes from the bible as well as the lives of the Saints. Some also illustrated everyday life, showing Artisans at work. Romanesque cathedrals had such thick walls and small windows, they provided poor light, whereas Gothic cathedrals had windows so large that the stained glass would lay out on an entire floor. Understanding that light symbolized God, as the light came through the colored glass, often gave individuals a feeling of intense spirituality, not only illuminating the church, but them as well. Since few people could read or write, the windows also gave them a source of religious instruction.Sculptures were used as well throughout dihedral history. Sculptures of little monsters called Gargoyles conveyed more then one message, primarily to instill fear into the city. These Gargoyles represented the evil on earth, but were also said to scare off evil spirits, assuring citizens that it was a holy place. (Cantor, page 397) Ornamentation throughout the middle ages gave people an understanding to life and glorifying god. Over 80 cathedrals, and 500 abbey churches were built in the gothic style, (Cantor, page 104) astonishing monuments of Gods glory, each remained intact until the reformation.Cathedrals didn't build over night, like today with skyscrapers that take six years to build. It took up too two hundred years, some generations wouldn't even get to see them completed although worked on them their whole life. Workers would use the most basic tools, and the number of tools required for such a task were quite small, for example hammer, epic and axe, saw; working in conditions that modern day health and safety laws would forbid today. (Scott, page 21) It clearly shows the importance of these building to the people during that time period.Everything about he medieval cathedral, special use of light, layout, and sculptors are all inspirations of God. People feared that fai lure to use the best human creativity might be interpreted by the God as something less than full devotion, so they felt compelled to use all of their artistic, engineering and craft based creative individuals to create the finest space they were capable to build. Architecture was their doorway to a better life and as evidence shows the monumental cathedrals and churches built during the early Middle Ages were cherished art and design. Gothic Architecture The fall of the Roman Empire and the events that occurred in Europe leading up to the Middle Ages (has) have had a lasting effect on architecture and design today. The enduring values of medieval art and architecture can be split up into five major styles, early Christian, Byzantine, Islamic, Romanesque and Gothic. The most influential period was the Gothic, which is known for its significant change from classical architecture; this change from classical architecture aided in the Gothic era's transformation to its own identity.The Medieval period is known for its constant airfare and battle, and most people feared death and eternal damnation; the Catholic Church gained its wealth and power through people's fear. Due to the high level of religious devotion during this time, it is evident that church leaders, such as the Pope had more power than Kings and Queens. Even serfs wanted to maintain a relationship with God, so they paid small fees to be part of the church. Scott, page 149) Ca thedrals and churches were sacred spaces, an escape from the hardship and brutality of life, indicating that religion during this time was the most important influence in medieval culture, art, and architecture. It is evident in the monumental cathedrals and churches. Many argue that art and design weren't important during Medieval times. It is evident, however, through careful observation of monumental cathedrals and churches built during the early Middle Ages that the time period cherished art and design, rather than disregarded it.Religion was the most central aspect to life, and the intricate and divine detail included in these places of worship, such as the Notre Dame Cathedral show that art and design was very much appreciated. During the time of the Roman Empire, soldiers protected the middle and lower classes until it fell. The law then no longer protected the individuals, so they turned to the Lords to keep peace and protection. Thus began a period of time called the middle ages and the start of feudalism, which existed for over a century.Everyone's life was lived out against a backdrop of fear; fear of violence, bloodshed, brutality, fear of starvation, fear of dying, and fear of ones fate in the afterlife. Famine and sickness were major factors in death during this time, considering they depended on ropes and agriculture to prosper, and the cold climate led to less food on their plates and nothing to sell at the market. Even when food was abundant, serfs still lacked a dependable source of essential vitamins, leaving them weak and vulnerable to death.Their water was polluted and there were no sanitation systems, which often led to epidemics. They lived in hovels that were poorly wood constructed shelters that had no indoor heating; no windows to bring in natural light and generally caught fire. (Cantor, page 383) Their only defense against living in these harsh environments was elision; faith in God was their only hope for salvation in the after lif e. People also believed when misfortune struck, whether in the form of fire, drought, famine, and war, that they had failed God. Constantine the Great was considered to be the last great emperor of Rome.Although his reign was before the middle ages, he played an important transitional role in history through his recognition of Christianity, which became the prominent religion in Europe until the Reformation. Due to the fact that civilization survived in such harsh living conditions, the Christian faith brought everyone together in a more positive light and shaped their lives from birth to death; their purpose on earth was to serve god, who was above them. Humanism wouldn't make its presence known until the beginning of the renaissance, which was not until a century later, and society was Just adhering to the norm.Following the norm gave them great security, physically and emotionally. In any society that thrived for protection from the harshness of life through religion, people look ed to however could secure your happiness in heaven; this person had the most political and cultural power. The Roman Catholic church was the supreme power during the Middle ages, and the laws of the land and leading roles of government were all in the hands of church leaders such as bishops and archbishops. The Pope was considered the most powerful, as he was God's representative on earth.Although priests and kings had their individual responsibilities from the church, priests had a commitment to God, to communicate with him on behalf of the people, handing down Gods rules of conduct, where as the King was responsible for the people to adhere to those rules of conduct; he was noninsured God's Solider. The king had lords and nobles who served him, controlling the land in exchange for protection of the serfs, villains or peasants. To maintain such an operation, one might have as many as 500 serfs in his household, while those lower on the social scale might have an average of 70.Sinc e the church had extensive land holdings, it had great leverage in structuring feudalism (Blackmore, Robbie, page 68). The definition of feudalism is, â€Å"A political and economic system of Europe, based on the holding of all land in fief or fee and the resulting relation of rod to vassal and characterized by homage, legal and military service of tenants, and forfeiture. † (Cantor, page 164) Feudalism is known for its negative connotation; however, it still gave people a reason for salvation, and aided in their interest in a higher existence.Feudalism put fear in society's eyes, yet funded the construction of the cathedrals, which ironically had the opposite effect. Cathedrals were one response to the unsettling conditions of such a feudal society, but also became powerful and emotional masterpieces bringing the image of heaven to earth. These places of worship would serve to the lower classes and became city landmarks, a place where the village could experience solidarity. Together cathedrals and the cities they resided in would prosper. Having centered themselves in the heart of the town, places of worship brought people from the countryside to the center of the city (Scott, page 69). Unlike the more classical based architecture that came before it, the Romanesque style, Gothic architecture was built with excess. The Gothic characteristics strove for extreme proportions and dimensions; this created new structures to heighten the buildings, as well as improving window sizes to bring in enough light. Gothic architecture had wider windows and doors than those of Romanesque buildings.According to their understanding, â€Å"light is a substance, yet it differs from other substances through its ability to penetrate glass or precious stone without splitting them† (Hovercrafts, page 51). The flying buttresses, pointed arches, ribbed vaults, soaring ceilings, and stained glass windows characterize gothic design, making it functional, yet dramatically appealing. They clearly understood the importance of light, and how bringing that element into the building changed people's perceptions and attitudes. Notre Dame Cathedral is one of, if not the most profound example of gothic architecture.Construction of Notre Dame began under the direction of Maurice De Sully, Bishop of Paris in 1163. Geometric proportioning was fundamental for gothic design, which also led to the flying buttresses. When Notre Dame started its construction the walls were so thin, that arches on the exterior had to support the vertical and narrow proportions. The flying buttresses were not originally exposed and didn't become acceptable until the end of the 12th Century. Cathedrals during this time were competing to be the tallest, which symbolized wealth and power (Scott, peg 94). Geometric proportion was indeed a constant preoccupation in the middle ages,† (Gridlock, page 14) and this created a whole new style for the nave and an increase in the size of the stain glass windows. This cathedral's high alter was consecrated in 1189, and the nave was finished around 1196. The west faded of Notre Dame was completed between 1225 and 1230. The west faded displays an important characteristic to the gothic style, the rose window, which has many efferent conceptions on its significance.Relating back to the Romans and the culls centered upon the Pantheon in Greece, some view it as the symbol of the sun, and God, also as its original form a flower which represents Mary, and lastly, heavenly Jerusalem, which is known to be a round city (Hovercrafts peg 50). Not only did the window symbolize god, but also the shape of the building as well, The Latin Cross was the architectural shape of the building, as if God was looking down from heaven recognizing their faith. The towers topping the west faded were completed around 1250.It took over 200 ears to complete, taking into consideration the climate, need for materials and transportation, labor, and warf are. A tremendous amount of effort implies the importance the cathedral had to the population. Abbot Surer believed, â€Å"everything that is most precious should be used above all to celebrate†. Abbot Surer was an influential leader during his time and patron of the arts. He was a classmate and friend to the future King Louis VI, who later appointed him Abbot of church Saint-Denis (Cantor, page 398 ).His duty was to enhance the stature of the church Saint-Denis, and under his power the church was renovated so rustically that it has become the first example of the Gothic style also known as the â€Å"heavenly capital†. Light was the primary source of faith and divine inspiration, opening up the dark Romanesque walls and cramming it with aisles and replacing the clerestory windows with stained glass. Stained glass is another important element to the cathedral's design; one of the oldest surviving stained glass windows dates back to 1065, and can be found in the Cathedra l of Sagebrush in Germany. (Cantor, page 397) www. Sobs. Rag Popular designs depicted scenes from the bible as well as the lives of the Saints. Some also illustrated everyday life, showing Artisans at work. Romanesque cathedrals had such thick walls and small windows, they provided poor light, whereas Gothic cathedrals had windows so large that the stained glass would lay out on an entire floor. Understanding that light symbolized God, as the light came through the colored glass, often gave individuals a feeling of intense spirituality, not only illuminating the church, but them as well. Since few people could read or write, the windows also gave them a source of religious instruction.Sculptures were used as well throughout dihedral history. Sculptures of little monsters called Gargoyles conveyed more then one message, primarily to instill fear into the city. These Gargoyles represented the evil on earth, but were also said to scare off evil spirits, assuring citizens that it was a holy place. (Cantor, page 397) Ornamentation throughout the middle ages gave people an understanding to life and glorifying god. Over 80 cathedrals, and 500 abbey churches were built in the gothic style, (Cantor, page 104) astonishing monuments of Gods glory, each remained intact until the reformation.Cathedrals didn't build over night, like today with skyscrapers that take six years to build. It took up too two hundred years, some generations wouldn't even get to see them completed although worked on them their whole life. Workers would use the most basic tools, and the number of tools required for such a task were quite small, for example hammer, epic and axe, saw; working in conditions that modern day health and safety laws would forbid today. (Scott, page 21) It clearly shows the importance of these building to the people during that time period.Everything about he medieval cathedral, special use of light, layout, and sculptors are all inspirations of God. People feared that fai lure to use the best human creativity might be interpreted by the God as something less than full devotion, so they felt compelled to use all of their artistic, engineering and craft based creative individuals to create the finest space they were capable to build. Architecture was their doorway to a better life and as evidence shows the monumental cathedrals and churches built during the early Middle Ages were cherished art and design.

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

The Roman Empire and the Gladiator Games essays

The Roman Empire and the Gladiator Games essays The Roman Empire was the undoubted pinnacle of society prior to the Middle Ages, and nothing came close to expressing its might, culture, and subjects as the Gladiatorial games did. Views on such Roman sports being cruel and barbaric are merely superficial as these events were deeply integrated within this ancient empire, representing its ideals. Often these were spectacular battles in awe-inspiring arenas which were themselves an architectural masterpiece of those times. Above all, the games portrayed the glory of success, the satisfaction of which nothing else could give. To the Romans, from the Emperor to the commoner, their empire was the epitome of power. These games were showpiece events that displayed the might and glory of victory that Romans hold so close to their hearts, especially so, at a time when war and territorial conquests was getting infrequent. As seen in Gladiator, the sight of a victorious competitor in the arena after a bloody battle brought immense cheering and approval from the fans. Only the best gladiators were deemed appropriate to compete in the Colosseum which greatly raised the games' standard. The replication of these games in the provinces served to highlight the influence these games had and indirectly integrated these towns closer to the central axis of power, Rome (referred to as "the light" in the movie). The battle arenas themselves symbolized power in the architectural sense. The Colosseum was the largest and perhaps most elegantly crafted structure in Rome, and it was only fitting that such a magnificent arena sh ould stage important events such as gladiatorial games. With their obsession of power and glory, it is no wonder that the crowds are fickle enough to change "allegiance" to whichever group of gladiators is winning the battles at the moment as seen in the battle between the charioteers and the slave gladiators in the movie. The sponsor of the Games (usually the Emperor) also showed his o...

Monday, October 21, 2019

Napoleons control over Europe essays

Napoleon's control over Europe essays Napoleon was able to control most of Europe by 1807 due to many victories over countries in The Third Coalition, battle tactics such as surprise attacks which his opponents did not know how to deal with, and his own sheer brilliance and intelligence. Napoleon was able to use his intelligence in negotiation as well as the battle field. In 1805 Britain, Russia, Austria and Sweden formed The Third Coalition. Fearing the monarchical pretensions and territorial greediness of Napoleon I (wsu.edu:8000/~dee/REV/NAPOLEAN.HTM). This coalition was intended to force France and Napoleons Empire back to the size it was, before the revolution. Despite being led by Britain, the coalition was a failure. Napoleons original plans were to invade England, but he decided to destroy this new threat to his supremacy on land (Two centuries: A profile of modern history, page 83) by overthrowing the Third coalition. Napoleon did this by marching his army swiftly into Germany, not only surprising the Austrian army but encountering them with battle techniques such as surprise attacks, and artillery and infantry co-ordination, which they did not know how to deal with, resulting in their surrender at Ulm. In November he had occupied Vienna, the Hasburg capital and on December 2, 1805, he defeated the Austrians and Russians at the Battle of Austerlitz (sparknotes.com/biography/napoleon/section6.rhtml) by once again using battle techniques that they did not know how to deal with. This victory gave Austria no other option but to accept the Peace of Pressburg, in which they were forced to cede all of Italy north of Rome to him. (wsu.edu:8000/~dee/REV/NAPOLEAN.HTM) Napoleon added it to his Kingdom of Italy (Two centuries: A profile of modern history, page 83) and he then had himself crowned king...

Sunday, October 20, 2019

Ethical Values Essay Sample

Ethical Values Essay Sample Essay on Moral Values and Ethics Valuing the life, safety, and the presence of other person is important because it means that you are respecting ethical values of every person, animal, or a property in any way. This is a practice that allows an individual to consider their values to be always respected to preserve their dignity and integrity at all times. The essence of value is important to ensure that there are no rights that are violated because every organism or material in our society deserves to be respected and protected. Associating ethical values to a person beliefs and actions would mean that it enhances the discipline of a person by portraying a role model to other groups regarding their respective behavior. This is a way to improve how we treat and respect each other to prevent conflicting interest. One of the major ethical values is to do better or provide something beneficial to the interest of other individuals. This can be applied by allowing other individuals to experience safety that they must have to adhere with their personal or professional affairs. The principle of beneficence such as doing something that benefits others individuals are an important ethical value that can be applied to other individuals. This is to ensure that their needs are always addressed and their safety is secured by anyone who wants to prevent any stress, hazards, and risks. The ethical value of respecting the law is an important structure that should be followed by every individual in our community. The reason behind is that following the policies and rules that prevent anyone from being apprehended such as violations might risk the rights and safety of other individuals or groups. The principle of veracity is an important ethical value because it corresponds to the application of truth. This is because each individual has the right to know the truth, especially if it involves their personal space. The truth reveals an actual scenario that displays a realistic view of acknowledging something that is important to a person’s dignity. Equality succeeds an ethical value because it responds to a fair treatment of a person, group, or an organization towards something that is important to their practice and belief. Every person has the right to be treated fairly as a way to generate a diverse cultural and social environment to prevent ethical and legal consequences by the authorities. Respecting the person’s demographic status such as with regard to their age, race, sexual orientation, gender, and social classification is a clear example on how the society should maximize the role of equality and equity at all times. Valuing ethics is a social responsibility for every individual or group because it corresponds to the law and policies that should be always respected in any way possible. If the value of ethics is violated due to the infliction of harm towards other individuals, this means that there is a threat of life or injury. Damage to properties is one example on how ethics is violated because it creates an unpleasant consequence to the environment of the owner. This is why there are law enforcement agencies that are always on alert for any violations committed by a person or group towards others. This is to ensure that the quality of life is always respected as well as the sanctity of their existence is preserved through the application of the law at all times (Freemont Kitney, 2012). Reference Freemont, P. F. Kitney, R. I. (2012).  Synthetic Biology. New Jersey:  World Scientific.  ISBN  978-1-84816-862-6.

Saturday, October 19, 2019

Business memo Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Business memo - Assignment Example ring test data into adequate statistical process control system.  As the next step in my professional development I would like to try myself on the position of a supervisor. I consider my objectives for the next year is to be able to inspect the product for the correct orientation and placement. In addition, I would like to be able to run tester diagnostics at specified intervals and perform the preventive maintenance at specified intervals on testers. I am also interested in accounting and am already mastering the course in that field. I am a creative thinker, have an open mind about how should things work best. I also like to explore alternative solutions to problems. I am highly organized person and this feature helps me to be as productive as possible on the job. I am sure that position of supervisor requires more responsibility not only for my actions, but also for the activities other perform. That is why I find it as the area for my improvement as a leader to be able to attr act and retain employee’s attention on common goals and objectives. I have a strong vision of how my work should be organized, what should people do and what contribution I can do for the good of the entire

Friday, October 18, 2019

Biochemistry lab report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Biochemistry - Lab Report Example Paper chromatography is mainly used for separation of molecules and consists of cellulose with hydrophilic characteristics. The rate of movement of biomolecules depends on the affinity of the molecule and the solvent with hydrophobic molecules moving faster than the hydrophilic due to the little attraction of the molecule to the hydrophilic paper. Paper chromatography helps in the characterization of amino acids due to the different rates of movement of the amino acids on the chromatographic paper. Additionally, the different amino acids move at different rates on the chromatographic paper due to the differences in the size of the side chains. The rate at which a biomolecule moves on the chromatographic paper is expressed as its relative mobility (Rf). A mobile phase for use in the chromatography was prepared by mixing 60cm3 of ethanenitrile (acetonitrile) with 40cm3 of 0.1M ammonium ethanoate. Drops of concentrated ethanoic acid were used to adjust the pH value to 7.2 after which 30cm3 of this mixture was placed in a tall form beaker and cover it with a watch-glass. Small amounts of trypsin, leucine, valine, proline, glutamic acid, glycine and lysine amino acid solutions were prepared in water and each amino acid labelled. A faint line was drawn using a pencil on the lantern-type chromatography paper making sure that the line was above the level of the solvent in the beaker. Using a clean capillary tube each time, one small spot of each amino acid solution was put on the chromatography paper and each spot identifies and marked. An unknown sample was also spot on the paper and marked. The spots were dried using a warm air blower. The chromatographic paper was then bent around the cylinder and fixed in this shape using a paperclip. The chromatographic paper was then placed inside the beaker so that it stood on the edge without touching the sides and the chromatogram run until the solvent front moved three quarter way in the

Can a judge order a convicted drunk driver to attend weekly Alcoholics Essay

Can a judge order a convicted drunk driver to attend weekly Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) meetings over the course of one year as a condition of probation for drunk driving - Essay Example In case the defendant violates probation, a one month jail term is imposed depending on the original sentencing. However, the state implemented the law of AA as an effective amendment for providing spiritual revelation to the drunk drivers. AA offers the defendant spiritual education programs in order to help the drunk driver to stop drinking (Smith 299). Drunk drivers are given AA as an alternative for going to jail and this takes place after carrying out alcohol screening test. The court does not put the offender directly to AA, but they are sent to the probation officer or a counselor first. The counselor will carry out screening test in order to determine the drinking pattern of the offender. The results will enable the officer to determine the drinking level and then make a decision of sending the offender to the Alcoholic Anonymous. This alternative probation to jail was seen effective because it reduces the costs of maintaining the offenders in jail. The government may violate the freedom of religion, equal protection and due process by holding the court hearings in a church as seen under the First Amendment. Under the First Amendment rights, the church was given freedom and the constitution protects the rights of the church (Smith 301). The church was separated from the state and given the freedom to exercise their rights. Holding court hearing in a church is deemed as the violation of freedom of religion and speech. This is because the First Amendment clause aimed at separating the church from the state. The central government does not have the authority to engage in church matters.

Men's Health Interview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Men's Health Interview - Essay Example I felt like I had to continually up the stakes each time because I could never get the same thrill otherwise. I would say that the problem peaked during the first year or two of my marriage because I needed an outlet to relieve stress. The problem affected my life in many ways, but most of all I would say that it changed my personality and how I acted around other people. I became so uptight because I saw everything as a chance to win rather than just enjoying life. Looking back on it now I can say that I was really unhappy during that time. At first there was not a great effect on my finances. I only gambled away small amounts of money, and I tended to win back almost the same amount. The time when it really became an issue on my finances was when I got married because for the first time in my life my money was not my own. The problem did affect many other areas of my life because I could not afford regular things such as trips away or new furniture. Yes, my relationships did suffer greatly during that time. From a personal point of view, I lost many friends because I had to borrow from them and then I could not afford to pay them back. In terms of family relationships, I became known as someone who was unreliable. It did cause friction between me and my family, and it was particularly hard on my wife. I decided to seek help because I could see no way out of my struggle. I was ashamed to ask for help, but it could to the point where I really didnt have a choice because I could not see a proper future for myself. Getting help for my gambling problem was one of the hardest things I have ever had to do. I was given a lot of advice, particularly from my family. They knew that I was going down a bad path, and they wanted to see some change in my life. My wife was always constantly harassing me to seek some help, but it wasnt really until my first child was born that she really put her foot down. It was at that point that I realized I needed some

Thursday, October 17, 2019

Favorite Vacation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Favorite Vacation - Essay Example Adding to the exquisiteness, the resplendent festivities, cultural reaches and warm hearted people and the delicious cuisine that has its own uniqueness are more than good reasons to make this place a global destination. Right from the scenic beauty of the sunny beaches, to the rich flora and fauna that adds to the romantic essence of the medieval town, Goa has a value that only few other destinations have. The beaches there are no less sophisticated than any other European beaches and have various sports facilities that add to the vitality of your vacation. They include water scooter and water gliding. There are beaches with different names each of their own kind. Colva Beach is visited especially in the hot season. Chapora Beach is used for leisure while Baga Beach is another one that combines the beauty of sand and sea. And Anjuna Beach has beautiful palm trees painted in fluorescent where the full moon parties are often held. Places to check out in old Goa are the Churches of Fra ncis of Assisi and Church of St. Cajeta and the Church of Our Lady of the Rosary and Se Cathedral. The Capital City, Panjim also has beautiful squares and houses with tilted roofs, charming balconies and carved pillars. One of the best known bird sanctuaries of the India is also located in Goa. It is a must visit for anyone looking out for a refreshing vacation.

Tsotsi Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Tsotsi - Movie Review Example With its plot having been set to develop in South Africa, particularly in Johannesburg’s Alexandra slum, the film presents Tsotsi, a youthful street urchin as the protagonist. Having often times resorted to stealing as a means to earning a living, Tsotsi one day steals a car, not knowing that a baby is in its backseat. The Theme of the Film There are several themes in this film. First and foremost, there is the theme of redemption which begins to play out immediately Tsotsi is stranded with the baby he had inadvertently stolen. The theme of poverty and criminality and the interrelationship between these two is also revisited in the movie, since Tsotsi is pushed into a life of crime because of poverty. The same poverty constrains Tsotsi from being a law abiding citizen, and makes him a brutal criminal instead, though he knows that robbery in itself is wrong. Likewise, Tsotsi’s friends- Butcher, Aap and Boston have been compelled to live in the streets and to dabble with crime by poverty. The existence of street gangs is also spurred on by poverty. At an instance, Butcher and Aap are almost shifting their loyalty from Tsotsi’s gang to a richer rival. ... Particularly, at a given point, Tsotsi attempts to raise money for Boston’s exams, albeit this is done through robbery. Conversely, the same concept of fatherhood plays out subtly in the film’s climax, and thereby shaping its conclusion. As Tsotsi hands over the child to Pumla’s husband John, John plays a fatherly role to Tsotsi by attempting to dissuade the police from shooting Tsotsi. Whether the Film Conveys Any Messages That Will Make A Difference In Americans’ Ordinary Life The film conveys messages that can change American lifestyles for the better. This is because the movie addresses themes such as fatherhood, poverty, criminality and redemption. By considering fatherhood in light of this film, American parents must take stock of their roles towards their children. Likewise, by considering poverty and criminality, America has a chance to address the disproportionate distribution of economic values among racial and class lines, and racial profiling. The theme of redemption on the other hand reminds every American citizen of his personal responsibility towards the law and the state. The outlaw is reminded in his conscience that no matter how far he thinks he may have sunk in crime, he can still change for the better. Nevertheless, the problem with America is that instead of taking the film’s themes into its life system, it is likely to pass Tsotsi as just another literary piece that lacks the clearest quality of originality. This is because, in Tsotsi, Americans are likely to see a sequel of Tony Montana of Al Pacino. America has also watched similar movies such as Raoul Walsh’s Regeneration, where an orphan becomes a leader of a gang, but is eventually succored by a woman of noble intent and

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

Favorite Vacation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Favorite Vacation - Essay Example Adding to the exquisiteness, the resplendent festivities, cultural reaches and warm hearted people and the delicious cuisine that has its own uniqueness are more than good reasons to make this place a global destination. Right from the scenic beauty of the sunny beaches, to the rich flora and fauna that adds to the romantic essence of the medieval town, Goa has a value that only few other destinations have. The beaches there are no less sophisticated than any other European beaches and have various sports facilities that add to the vitality of your vacation. They include water scooter and water gliding. There are beaches with different names each of their own kind. Colva Beach is visited especially in the hot season. Chapora Beach is used for leisure while Baga Beach is another one that combines the beauty of sand and sea. And Anjuna Beach has beautiful palm trees painted in fluorescent where the full moon parties are often held. Places to check out in old Goa are the Churches of Fra ncis of Assisi and Church of St. Cajeta and the Church of Our Lady of the Rosary and Se Cathedral. The Capital City, Panjim also has beautiful squares and houses with tilted roofs, charming balconies and carved pillars. One of the best known bird sanctuaries of the India is also located in Goa. It is a must visit for anyone looking out for a refreshing vacation.

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

Active teaching strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Active teaching strategy - Essay Example The reason for choosing a game is that psychologically we tend to perform better in a competitive environment and also studies have soon shown enhanced brain function with lesser amount of stress when the activity being performed by the person is mentally stimulating rather than tiring Keeping this philosophy into consideration the idea that I like to propose for active learning is that of "ten questions".would have a group of four people, each team will have ten questions to find the answer, the questions will be asked by the team leader of each team by mutual discussion with its other members. The answer to each question will be either yes or no. no phrases or other words will be used to answer the question. Similar questions will not be answered and will not be counted in your question count. Once all ten questions are answered the team must guess the answer if the answer is guessed correctly the team receives 10 points and if the team answers incorrectly no points are award. If t he team guesses the answer before the 10 question limit that team will receive bonus 10 points and 20 in all and if it answers incorrectly it will get -10 points. The team to guess most of the answers correctly wins.extra needed and no set up time is required also due to the ease and playability of this activity this activity can also be exercised by the students among themselves. The other good thing about this sort of exercise is that it applicability is universal and can be used by teachers of every subject. This sort of activity also motivates team work among the students which can prove to be very vital for their profession. PROCEDURE: The whole class will be divided into groups of 3 to 4 members. Each team will them have to guess the procedure by asking question to the teacher. The team will then guess the answer and the team with the most correct answer will be the winner. This team will then be awarded the title of washing wizard. To further stimuli the learning process the members of the winning team will be awarded marks which will be counted in their assignment and then these marks will added in the final tally as well. CONCEPT OF THE ACTIVITY: "People learn in response to need. When people cannot see the need for what is being taught, they ignore it, reject it, or fail to assimilate it any meaningful way. Conversely, when they have a need, then, if the resources are available, people learn effectively and quickly." (Brown and Dugout, 2000, p.136). The concept of the activity is very simple and that is to train the nursing students about the importance of hand washing and due to the nature of this activity this importance can be transferred to the students in a fun manner in which they can learn and remember it as well. ACTIVITY METHOD USED: This activity method that is being used is known as "Kolb's Model of Experiential Learning (Kolb, 1984)". This model of learning follows these steps: 1. Action- The learner performs some type of activity related to the lesson or subject. 2. Reflection- The learner reflects about what they did and what happened as a result of their activity. This can be in one of several forms: free writing, journaling, or small or large group discussions. 3. Knowledge/theory- The learner uses the results of the reflection to develop knowledge and theories, which helps further the learning process because the learner is conceptualizing their own theories, not accepting the theory of the instructor.

Monday, October 14, 2019

How Is Power Generated With Hydroelectricity?

How Is Power Generated With Hydroelectricity? Hydroelectric power energy from falling water. Hydro electric power means getting energy from flowing water. This method of energy generation is viewed as very environmentally friendly by many people, since no waste happens during energy generation. However, hydroelectric power can have a deep impact on the surrounding environment, leading some people to question the help of hydroelectric power as a method of clean energy generation. Hydroelectric power is used to run water as an energy source and mostly in grind corn. Hydroelectricity produced enough power light for two paper mills and a house. Nearly ally of the hydroelectric power stations, provide around 20% of the worlds electricity. The Origin of Hydro Power was first used in Ancient Egypt. They used flowing water to make a machine work and grind their crops. The Size of the Hydro power plants today range in size from some hundred kilowatts to several hundred megawatts. Some of the larger plants have capacities up to 10,000 megawatts and supply electricity to millions of people. Over 80 percent of all electricity produced by renewable sources is produced by large hydroelectric dams. With low carbon dioxide emissions and working costs, hydropower is an important part of a climate friendly energy mix. More sustainable sources, such as wave and tidal power, could save the standing of water based energy production. Hydropower accounts for around 20% of the worlds electricity generation, and a little over 2 percent of the worlds total energy supply. Although dams often have big environmental and social impacts, the World Wide Fund for Nature estimates that another 370 Giga watts of large, medium, or small hydroelectric capacity could be developed without unacceptable impacts by 2050. The energy output Because most dams use gravity, a hydroelectric dams energy output depends largely on the height difference between the tank water source and the outflow. Water flow along the rivers is another important factor, as is the age and efficiency of a dam. Many of the worlds older dams will need to be upgraded or repowered in the coming decades to improve efficiency, which will be expensive but could eventually add another 30 GW to the global energy mix. Environmental impact Large hydroelectric dams have a number of negative impacts on the local environment and human society. Dams disrupt river ecosystems and passages, killing aquatic life that gets caught in turbine blades. Dams also create artificial reservoirs, which floods farmland and forests, and displaces wildlife and people. Hydroelectric projects are also susceptible to fluctuations in river flows and rainfall. Which depends on energy from the Volta River Dam, has suffered severe energy shortages in recent years because of lack of rainfall. The key environmental problem with hydroelectric power is that blocking changes the natural environment. The flow of a river is basically changed when a dam is installed, posing problems for fish and aquatic plants on both sides of the dam. However, there are some arguments in support of hydroelectric power. Once installed, a hydroelectric power plant does not generate any emissions or waste, making it very much preferable to something like a coal fired power plant. The technology of hydroelectric power is also always being improved, and sometimes simple measures like fish ladders can moderate the impact of a dam. How it worksà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. 1. Hydroelectric power, or hydroelectricity, is generated by the force of falling water. Its one of the cleanest sources of energy and its also the most reliable and costs the least. 2. Water is needed to run a hydroelectric power-generating unit. The water is held behind a dam, forming an artificial lake. The force of the water being released from the reservoir through the dam spins the blades of a giant turbine. The turbine is connected to the generator that makes electricity as it spins. After passing through the turbine, the water flows back into the river on the other side of the dam. Basically the exciter powers the rotator. 3. Electricity is produced by spinning electromagnets within a generators wire coil that creates a flow of electrons. To keep the electromagnets spinning, hydroelectric stations use falling water. Hydroelectric power plants convert the kinetic energy contained in falling water into electricity. The energy in flowing water is ultimately derived from the sun, and is therefore constantly being renewed. As the rotator and its magnetic field turn, an electric charge is created in the stator. 4. Energy contained in sunlight evaporates water from the oceans and deposits it on land in the form of rain. Differences in land elevation result in rainfall runoff, allowing some of the original solar energy to be captured as hydroelectric power. Most hydroelectric stations use either the natural drop of the river or build a dam across the river to raise the water level and provide the drop needed to create a driving force. Water at the higher level goes through the intake into a pipe, called a penstock, which carries it down to the turbine. A transformer increases the voltage of the current coming from the starter. The turbine is a type of water wheel that converts the waters energy into mechanical power. The turbine is connected to a generator, when the turbine is set in motion it causes the generator to rotate, producing electricity. The falling water, having served its purpose, exits the generating station through the draft tube and the tailrace where it rejoins the river. Building a dam means flooding a lot of land. The sun evaporates water from the sea to the lakes. This forms clouds and falls as rain in the mountains which then keeps the dam supplied with water. For free. Gravitational potential energy is stored in the water above the dam. Because the height of the water it will get to the turbines at a higher pressure. This means that people can extract a great deal of energy from it. The water then flows down to the river as normal. There is another way of using the hydroelectric power is to build the station next to a fast flowing river. However using this way may cause a problem which when you do the arrangement the flow of the water cannot be controlled and water cannot be stored. Advantagesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Once the dam is built, energy is almost free. No waste or pollution produced It is more reliable than wind, solar and wave power Water can be stored above the dam Hydroelectric power stations can increase to full power quickly. Electricity can be generated all the time. Disadvantagesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ It is very expensive to build Building a large dam will flood a very large area upstream which can cause problems for animals Hard to find a suitable site. Water quality can be effected which have an impact on plants. Hydroelectric power is renewable. It is renewable in the sense that people cannot take away the source of the energy by using them. The sun provides water by evaporation from the sea. No fuel is needed in this generation. Also energy of the tides will not go away if the power is used. Efficiency The equation for hydro electric power is P = Q X H X 0.18 X E The p is for power in watts. The Q is the flow rate in gallons per minute The H is vertical relief measured in feet 0.18 is a unit conversion constant The E is the efficiency of the turbine The micro hydroelectric turbines are an efficiency of 50%. However for the mini hydroelectric applications the efficiency is a bit higher usually around 65%. The Cost The costs of the hydro electric power is everything concerning hydro, the costs are site specific, they will depend on the head available such as the higher the head the smaller the turbine needed to generate the same level of power. The high head machines can be also be connected directly to the generator without the need for the belts. Hydroelectric power is attractive because its cheap for the consumer average price in the PNW is around 4 cents per KWH this is 3 times less than the national average. Low costs to the consumer reflect relatively low operating costs of the Hydro Facility. Most of the cost is in building the dam Operating costs about 0.6 cents per KWH Coal Plant averages around 2.2 cents per KWH which reflects costs of mining, transport and distribution. Energy density in stored important water is high, so one liter of water per second on a turbine generates 720 watts of power. If this power can be continuously generated for 24 hours per day for one month then the total number of KWH per month is then: 720 watts x 24 hours/day x 30 days/month = 518 Kwh/month. Power generating capacity is directly relative to the height the water falls. For a fall of say only 3m, 30 times less electricity would be generated but this is just for a miniscule flow rate of 1 kg/sec. Solar Power- Energy from the Sun Solar power is energy which comes from the sun. People have used sun for drying clothes and foods for thousands of years but only now people have been able to use it for generating power. The sun is about 150 million kilometres away and very powerful. Just a tiny fraction of the suns energy that hits the earth is enough to meet all the power needs many times over. Every minute enough energy gets to the earth to meet the demands for a whole year. Solar power is energy which comes from the sun. This energy is very powerful and hits the earth regardless of whether or not we take advantage of it. Even the tiny percentage of sunlight that touches the earth is plenty to meet the energy and power needs of the entire human population more than 8,500 times over. Energy from the sun is converted into solar power using solar collectors. Solar panels consist of solar cells designed to capture energy from the sun. The solar panels used in heating air and liquid are different from those used to provide electricity. To absorb the highest possible amount of solar energy, solar panels must be pointed at the sun. Energy from the sun can be converted into solar power in two ways. The first way involves the use of solar thermal applications. Solar thermal applications use the suns energy to provide direct heat to air or liquid. Solar thermal panels can be used for both housing and larger scale applications. The second way of obtaining solar power involves the use of photoelectric applications. Photoelectric applications use photovoltaic cells in converting energy from the sun into electricity. Photovoltaic cells are considered low maintenance and well suited to remote applications. They use semiconductors like silicon to convert energy from the sun into electricity. How solar power worksà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Solar cells- the Photovoltaic (Photo means light and voltaic means electricity) which convert light directly into electricity, for example in sunny weather you can get enough power to run a 100w light bulb from just one square metre of solar panel. Solar cells provide the energy to run satellites that orbit the earth. Solar water heating- this is where heat from the sun is used to heat water in glass panels. This means people do not use so much gas and electricity to heat water at home. Water is pumped through pipes in the panel, the pipes are painted black, and so they get hotter when the sun shines on them. Solar furnaces- it uses a huge collection of mirrors to concentrate the suns energy into a small space and produce very high temperatures. Solar furnaces are very huge solar cookers. A solar cooker can be used in hot countries to cook food. Solar energy isnt all about generating electricity: For example, photo luminescent products store light energy. Theyre also called self-luminous and are a useful source of emergency lighting in the event of a sudden power outage. The advantages of solar power areà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Solar energy is free it needs no fuel and produces no waste or pollution. In sunny countries, solar power can be used where there is no easy way to get electricity. Handy for low-power uses such as solar powered garden lights and battery chargers, or for helping your home energy bills. The disadvantages of solar power areà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Doesnt work at night. Very expensive to build solar power stations, although the cost is coming down as technology improves. Can be unreliable unless youre in a very sunny climate. Solar cells are expensive Solar power is renewable. The Sun will keep on shining anyway, so it makes sense to use it. 3 main ways to use it:- Sun heats water in panels on your roof Solar cells photovoltaic cells make electricity from sunlight Solar furnace Solar power isnt much use unless you live somewhere sunny Doesnt cause pollution, doesnt need fuel. Basics of solar power The amount of power generated by solar cells is determined by the amount of light falling on them, which is depending on the weather and time of day. Sometimes there will be too much power, other times these wont be enough. In this case the system battery can be damaged if it was overcharged or over discharged. The smallest system may have only 12 volts of light, but in bigger systems 23o or 110 volts will probably be needed. An invert is used to transform the low voltage Direct Current generated by the solar panel into mains voltage Alternate current. The costs of solar power Solar power is currently selling for between  £3 and 35 per watt of rated power output. A typical panel that you might install on your roof would be rated for between 100 and 300 watts and therefore will cost between about  £400 and around  £1500 or so. A complete solar power system also needs some other components and will have some installation costs and so the total installed cost of a solar system is usually in the range of  £8 10 per watt of rated power. Most home sized systems are rated in the 1000 to 10,000 watt range and therefore cost between about  £8000 and  £100,000 to install. Many states offer refunds and tax savings that can reduce this cost by as much as 50%.These systems will normally generate between about  £300 and  £2500 worth or electricity per year. Solar panels are expected to last between 30 and 50 years and so these systems will likely generate between  £9000 and  £120,000 worth of electricity over their life time. This will be different widely though based on local electricity costs and may well increase greatly in the future if electricity rates rise. Energy efficiency Energy efficiency saves money, where solar energy saves even more money. The efficiency rating of solar panels is fairly low for instance the amount of the suns energy converted into electricity. Depending on the situation it can range from 5% to 15%, although there have been some recent breakthroughs in technology which has increased this to 40%. However it will be some years before this technology becomes money making available in the solar panels we fit to our homes. When calculating how many solar panels you need for your home, you dont need to be too concerned about the efficiency rating of your panel because photovoltaic solar panels are specified by their energy generating capacity. For example, 100 watt panels will output 100 watts of energy under ideal conditions. So if you are looking to produce 1kw per hr of energy you will need 10 x 100 watt panels. Solar panels range in their energy output. normally they range from 30 to 205 watts. If you are DIY then pay special interest in calculating your energy requirements. If you are getting a company to draw up plans for you then they will take care of this calculation. There are three main types of solar photovoltaic cells and these are polycrystalline, mono crystalline and thin film. Each has different efficiency ratings when converting the suns energy into electricity and they all have their advantages and disadvantages. The main difference between them is size and price. The more efficient technologies like mono crystalline panels are more efficient than the other two and so the panels are smaller and take up less space when comparing like for like in energy output but they are more expensive. So before you decide which panels to go for, you need to calculate your energy requirements, establish how much you want to invest and then go and compare the different panels. There are many other aspects that can affect the efficiency of your panels. We find the following to be the most common: how often you clean them, are they infrared, how much sun do they get and how hot do they get. It is a surprise to many people that for most panels their efficiency drops when the temperature starts to go above 25 Deg Celsius. If you want a hot water heater conversion then solar thermal panels are a lot more efficient. In summary, on face value solar energy does not seem very efficient, although it is improving year on year. However, dont get too tied up about the efficiency of the panels, focus more on the output, size and level of investment. Sustainability Solar energy will burn for billions of years; it wont run out any time soon. This is sustainable because it will not reduce in the near future. They use primarily silicon, which is one of the richest materials on earth. But they can also use other things, like metals (copper, silver, gold), and some toxic chemicals (arsenic, cadmium) etc. The sustainability of these materials are recyclable, and it is thought 99% of a solar cell can be recycled. But the production of them does has some toxic site affects, which means we have to balance the clean energy production of the cells with the bad by products of their manufacturing process. Appropriate energy The biggest gains are usually found in lighting. Solar power doesnt have to be used for heating, but it would help. However, electricity is a bad way of heating things, but you can use solar power to heat water. Most houses are not designed for energy efficiency especially old houses. Normally light bulbs waste a lot of energy, thats because they work by getting hot. Its like getting a little light and a lot of heat. Always use low energy lamps. However in low voltage lamps if your solar power is small and you dont have a big inverter, then you will be better off with low voltage lamps. Tidal power Coming and going of the tides gives this form of renewable energy a different advantage over other sources that are not as predictable and reliable, such as wind or solar. The Department of Trade and Industry has stated that almost 10% of the United Kingdoms electricity needs could be met by tidal power. Tides come and go is because it is all to do with the gravitational force of the Moon and Sun, and also the rotation of the Earth. This diagram shows how the gravitational attraction of the moon and sun affect the tides on Earth. The size of this attraction depends on the mass of the object and its distance away. The moon has the greater effect on earth even with having less mass than the sun because it is so much closer. The gravitational force of the moon causes the oceans to swell along an axis pointing directly at the moon. The rotation of the earth causes the rise and fall of the tides. When the sun and moon are in line their gravitational attraction on the earth combine and cause a spring tide. When they are as positioned in the first diagram above, 90 ° from each other, their gravitational attraction each pulls water in different directions, causing a neap tide. The rotational period of the moon is around 4 weeks, while one rotation of the earth takes 24 hours; this results in a tidal cycle of around 12.5 hours. This tidal behaviour is easily predictable and this means that if harnessed, tidal energy could generate power for defined periods of time. These periods of generation could be used to offset generation from other forms such as fossil or nuclear which have environmental consequences. Although this means that supply will never match demand, offsetting harmful forms of generation is an important starting point for renewable energy. Tidal energy is a type of energy that produces electricity and other form of power through the use of water. Tidal energy is the energy that could be obtained from changing sea levels. It is a direct result of tide changing from low to high. The two basic theories on how to convert tides into power are: Is involves in converting the power of the horizontal movement of the water into electricity. Involves producing energy from the rise and drop of water levels. LIKE THIS! Most are at the concept proving stage and have links to universities such as Plymouth, Manchester and Imperial College. Technologies in development include: Use of a shore based oscillating water column, Trapping and compressing air in successive waves to build enough compression to drive a turbine Using pressure differences under wave crests to drive water flows through turbine chambers Floating buoys that use the kinetic energy of the buoys rise and fall to drive a turbine Using the motion of joints in an articulated structure to drive hydraulic rams that power motors. There are different types of turbines that are available for use in a tidal barrage. A bulb turbine is one in which water flows around the turbine. If a repair is required then the water must be stopped which causes a problem and is time consuming with possible loss of generation. When rim turbines are used, the generator is mounted at right angles to the to the turbine blades, making access easier. But this type of turbine is not suitable for pumping and it is difficult to control its performance. The blades of this turbine are connected to a long tube and are leaning at an angle so that the generator is sitting on top of the barrage. The turbines in the barrage can be used to pump extra water into the basin at periods of low demand. This usually works with cheap electricity prices, generally at night when demand is low. The company therefore buys the electricity to pump the extra water in, and then generates power at times of high demand when prices are high so as to make a profit. HOW IT WORKS Step 1: First a place must be chosen for the plant to be built Step 2: Then it must be tested to make sure the waves are big enough to produce enough electricity to make up for the price. Step 3: After this they must build the power plant Step 4: Then they have to test it to make sure it works Step 5: The tidal power plant should do the following: The waves should go into the plant. The pressure of the waves should turn the turbines making electricity. It would cost at least  £15 billion to build a tidal power. However there would be a number of benefits, including protecting a large stretch of coastline against damage from high storm tides and providing an already made road bridge. Although the drastic changes to the currents in the estuary could have a huge affects on the economic and huge number of birds that feed on the mud, so when the tides goes out the birds would have no where to feed. Efficiency of tidal power The benefit of tidal range power is its remarkable efficiency: once constructed, up to 80% of the potential energy of the water captured which can be converted to electricity with no greenhouse emissions. Tidal energy is also attractive from the point of view of energy security which makes uses of resources naturally available on and around the stores. Economics The capital required to start construction of a barrage has been the main awkward block to its deployment. It is not an attractive plan to a saver due to long payback periods. This problem could be solved by government funding or large organisations getting involved with tidal power. In terms of long term costs, once the construction of the barrage is complete, there are very small maintenance and running costs and the turbines only need replacing once around every 30 years. The life of the plant is unclear and for its entire life it will receive free fuel from the tide. The economics of a tidal barrage are very complicated. The optimum design would be the one that produced the most power but also had the smallest barrage possible. Social Impact The building of a tidal barrage can have much social cost on the surrounding area. During the building of the barrage, the amount of traffic and people in the area will increase and will last for a few years. The barrage can be used as a road or rail link, providing a time saving method of crossing the bay or estuary. There is also the possibility of include wind turbines into the barrage to generate extra power. The barrage would affect shipping would have to be made to allow ships to pass through. The biggest disadvantages of tidal barrages are the environmental and ecological affects on the local area. This is very difficult to expect, each site is different and there are not many projects that are available for comparison. The change in water level and possible flooding would affect the plants around the coast, having an impact on the aquatic and shore ecosystems. The quality of the water in the basin or estuary would also be affected, the remains levels would change, affecting the turbidity of the water and therefore affecting the animals that live in it and depend upon it such as fish and birds. Fish would certainly be affected unless condition was made for them to pass through the barrage without being killed by turbines. All these changes would affect the types of birds that are in the area, as they will travel to other areas with more favourable conditions for them. These effects are not all bad, and may allow different species of plant and creature to grow in an area where they are not normally found. But these issues are very fine and need to be independently assessed for the area. Advantage Once tidal power is built it is free. It doesnt produced no green house gases or other waste It needs no fuel It produces electricity Its not expensive to maintain Tides are totally predictable Offshore turbines are not ruinously expensive to build and do not have large environmental impact. Unlike wind and solar power production using the tidal forces is constant and predictable. No Waste produced Sustainability of energy production. Easy and not expensive to maintenance. Has little impact on the environment. Tidal energy turbines are dropped into deep water, so they are not a danger to ships. Tidal power cannot be used up Disadvantages A barrage across an estuary is very expensive to build and effects wide areas Many birds rely on the tide uncovering the mud flat so that they can feed and Fish cant travel Only provides power for around 10 hours a day- when the tide is actually moving in and out There are few suitable sites for tidal barrage. Heavier that wind turbines More expensive than wind turbines. Usually producing power for around 10 hours each day. This is the time frame in which the tide is actually moving in or out. Tidal energy has potential to become a possible option for large scale, base load generation. Tidal Streams are the most attractive method, having reduced environmental and ecological impacts and being cheaper and quicker to be installed. Tidal barrage is where a dam or barrage is built across an estuary or bay that experiences an enough tidal range. This tidal range has to be in overload of 5 metres for the barrage to be possible. The purpose of this dam or barrage is to let water flow through it into the basin as the tide comes in. The barrage has gates in it that allow the water to pass through. The gates are closed when the tide has stopped coming in, trapping the water within the basin creating a hydrostatic head. As the tide moves away out with the barrage, gates in the barrage that contain turbines are opened, the hydrostatic head causes the water to come through these gates, driving the turbines and generating power. Power can be generated in both directions through the barrage but this can affect efficiency and the economics of the project. The structure of a barrage requires a very long national engineering project. The barrage will have environmental and ecological impacts not only during building but will change the area affected forever. Just what these impacts will be is very hard to measure as they are site specific, and each barrage is different. There are different types of turbines that are available for use in a tidal barrage. A bulb turbine is one in which water flows around the turbine. If protection is required then the water must be stopped which causes a problem and is time consuming with possible loss of generation. When rim turbines are used, the generator is mounted at right angles to the to the turbine blades, making access easier. But this type of turbine is not suitable for pumping and it is difficult to control its performance. Bulb Turbine Rim Turbine Tubular Turbine The turbines in the barrage can be used to pump extra water into the basin at stages of low order. This usually matches with cheap electricity prices, generally at night when the order is low. The company therefore buys the electricity to pump the extra water in, and then generates power at times of high claim when prices are high so as to make a profit. This has been used in Hydro Power, and in that context is known as pumped storage. The economical effects of tidal power are when they start building of a barrage has been the main uncertain block to its use. It is not an attractive to a saver due to long payback periods. This problem could be solved by government funding or large organisations getting involved with tidal power. In terms of long term costs, once the building of the barrage is complete, there are very small maintenance and running costs and the turbines only need replacing once around every 30 years. The life of the plant is unclear and for its entire life it will receive free fuel from the tide. The economics of a tidal barrage are very complicated. The best design would be the one that produced the most power but also had the smallest barrage possible. Social impact The building of a tidal barrage can have many social costs on the surrounding area. During building of the barrage, the amount of traffic and people in the area will increase a lot and will last for a number of years. The barrage can be used as a road or rail link, providing a time saving method of crossing the area. There is also the possibility of including wind turbines into the barrage to generate extra power. The barrage would affect shipping and navigation and but would have to be made to allow ships to pass through. Wind power A wind power is the conversion of wind energy into a useful form of energy. Such as people use wind turbine to make electricity, wind mills for mechanical power, wind pumps for pumping water or dra